Blockchain bridges: trace the claim on both sides
Understand lock-and-mint, liquidity routes, message verification, and why a familiar symbol can conceal a new asset.
Latest stories
Further reading
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Rollups: separate execution speed from settlement guarantees
Compare optimistic and validity-based rollups, including data publication, sequencers, upgrades, and exits.
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Data availability: why a valid commitment is not enough
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Protocol governance: follow a proposal through to execution
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Multisig wallets: a threshold is only the beginning
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Wallet backups: test recovery before you need it
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Crypto phishing: inspect the requested authority, not the urgency
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Transaction explorers: read evidence without overreading labels
Editor’s reading
Further reading
All articles
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How to read a crypto whitepaper as a testable argument
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Bitcoin UTXOs: why a balance consists of individual outputs
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Bitcoin confirmations: reading settlement as a process
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Bitcoin fees: calculate cost before choosing a speed
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What a Bitcoin full node verifies for you
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Bitcoin custody: who can authorize a withdrawal?
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Bitcoin mining: from candidate block to accepted history
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Ethereum accounts: addresses, keys, contracts, and nonces
Further reading
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Ethereum gas: distinguish work, price, and spending caps
Calculate a hypothetical fee and learn why a reverted transaction can still cost ETH.
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Ethereum finality: from a quick receipt to finalized settlement
Understand head, justified and finalized checkpoints, and why application receipts can arrive before finality.
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Smart contracts: inspect the rules and the people who can change them
Learn what deployed code guarantees, what it cannot know, and how upgrades change the trust picture.
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Token approvals: understand the permission before the swap
Separate allowances, signatures, transfers, and website connections when controlling token access.
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Token supply: read minting, burning, vesting, and circulation separately
Trace who can create units and distinguish a contract supply field from a market-data estimate.
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Token decimals: translate raw balances without changing value
Use unit conversions correctly and avoid mistakes when comparing token balances, prices, and supply.
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Stablecoin mechanics: identify the route back to the target value
Compare reserve-backed, collateral-backed, and reflexive designs by tracing redemption and incentives.
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Stablecoin reserves: read the assets, liabilities, and access terms
Evaluate reserve disclosures without confusing a balance snapshot, an attestation, and a full financial audit.
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DeFi collateral: calculate the buffer before borrowing
Understand loan-to-value, liquidation thresholds, interest accrual, and the limits of a collateral buffer.
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AMM liquidity: what a pool position actually owns
Explore reserve curves, fee income, inventory changes, and why providing liquidity differs from holding tokens.
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DEX slippage: distinguish the quote, price impact, and tolerance
Read minimum output and deadlines before a swap, and understand why a successful trade can disappoint.
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Oracle design: examine where a protocol gets its facts
Evaluate data sources, update rules, freshness checks, and failure behavior in oracle-dependent applications.